# Page objects in GitLab QA
> 原文:[https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/testing_guide/end_to_end/page_objects.html](https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/development/testing_guide/end_to_end/page_objects.html)
* [Why do we need that?](#why-do-we-need-that)
* [What problems did we have in the past?](#what-problems-did-we-have-in-the-past)
* [How did we solve fragile tests problem?](#how-did-we-solve-fragile-tests-problem)
* [How to properly implement a page object?](#how-to-properly-implement-a-page-object)
* [Defining Elements](#defining-elements)
* [Adding Elements to a View](#adding-elements-to-a-view)
* [`data-qa-selector` vs `.qa-selector`](#data-qa-selector-vs-qa-selector)
* [Dynamic element selection](#dynamic-element-selection)
* [Examples](#examples)
* [Exceptions](#exceptions)
* [Define Page concerns](#define-page-concerns)
* [Running the test locally](#running-the-test-locally)
* [Where to ask for help?](#where-to-ask-for-help)
# Page objects in GitLab QA[](#page-objects-in-gitlab-qa "Permalink")
在 GitLab 质量检查中,我们使用一种称为*Page Objects*的已知模式.
这意味着我们已经为用于驱动 GitLab 质量检查方案的 GitLab 中的所有页面建立了抽象. 每当我们在页面上执行某项操作(例如填写表单或单击按钮)时,我们仅通过与该 GitLab 区域相关联的页面对象来执行此操作.
例如,当 GitLab QA 测试工具登录到 GitLab 时,它需要填写用户登录名和用户密码. 为此,我们有一个名为`Page::Main::Login`和`sign_in_using_credentials`方法的类,这是代码中仅有的一部分,它具有有关`user_login`和`user_password`字段的知识.
## Why do we need that?[](#why-do-we-need-that "Permalink")
我们需要页面对象,因为只要有人在 GitLab 的源代码中更改某些选择器,我们就需要减少重复并避免出现问题.
想象一下,我们在 GitLab 质量检查中有 100 个规格,并且在每次声明之前我们都需要登录 GitLab. 如果没有页面对象,则需要依靠易失性助手或直接调用 Capybara 方法. 想象一下在每个`*_spec.rb`文件/测试示例中调用`fill_in :user_login` .
以后有人在与此页面关联的视图`t.text_field :login`更改为`t.text_field :username` ,它将生成一个不同的字段标识符,这将有效地破坏所有测试.
因为我们到处都在使用`Page::Main::Login.perform(&:sign_in_using_credentials)` ,所以当我们要登录到 GitLab 时,页面对象是唯一的事实来源,我们需要将`fill_in :user_login`更新为`fill_in :user_username`只能放在一个位置.
## What problems did we have in the past?[](#what-problems-did-we-have-in-the-past "Permalink")
由于性能原因以及构建软件包和测试所有内容所花费的时间,我们不会针对每次提交都运行 QA 测试.
这就是为什么当有人在*新的会话*视图中将`t.text_field :login`更改为`t.text_field :username` ,直到我们的 GitLab QA 夜间管道失败或有人触发了他们的`package-and-qa`操作,我们才知道这一更改.合并请求.
显然,这样的更改将破坏所有测试. 我们称这个问题为*脆弱的测试问题* .
为了使 GitLab QA 更加可靠和健壮,我们必须通过在 GitLab CE / EE 视图与 GitLab QA 之间引入耦合来解决此问题.
## How did we solve fragile tests problem?[](#how-did-we-solve-fragile-tests-problem "Permalink")
当前,当您添加新的`Page::Base`派生类时,还需要定义页面对象所依赖的所有选择器.
Whenever you push your code to CE / EE repository, `qa:selectors` sanity test job is going to be run as a part of a CI pipeline.
此测试将验证我们在`qa/page`目录中实现的所有页面对象. 失败时,将通知您有关丢失的或无效的视图/选择器定义的信息.
## How to properly implement a page object?[](#how-to-properly-implement-a-page-object "Permalink")
我们建立了一个 DSL 来定义页面对象和它实际实现的 GitLab 视图之间的耦合. 请参阅下面的示例.
```
module Page
module Main
class Login < Page::Base
view 'app/views/devise/passwords/edit.html.haml' do
element :password_field
element :password_confirmation
element :change_password_button
end
view 'app/views/devise/sessions/_new_base.html.haml' do
element :login_field
element :password_field
element :sign_in_button
end
# ...
end
end
end
```
### Defining Elements[](#defining-elements "Permalink")
`view` DSL 方法将对应于渲染元素的 rails View,partial 或 Vue 组件.
`element` DSL 方法依次声明一个元素,需要将其相应的`data-qa-selector=element_name_snaked`数据属性添加到视图文件中.
您还可以定义一个值(字符串或正则表达式)以匹配实际的视图代码,但是出于两个原因, **不**建议使用上述方法,建议使用该值:
* 一致性:只有一种定义元素的方法
* 关注点分离:QA 使用专用的`data-qa-*`属性,而不是重用其他组件使用的代码或类(例如`js-*`类等)
```
view 'app/views/my/view.html.haml' do
### Good ###
# Implicitly require the CSS selector `[data-qa-selector="logout_button"]` to be present in the view
element :logout_button
### Bad ###
## This is deprecated and forbidden by the `QA/ElementWithPattern` RuboCop cop.
# Require `f.submit "Sign in"` to be present in `my/view.html.haml
element :my_button, 'f.submit "Sign in"' # rubocop:disable QA/ElementWithPattern
## This is deprecated and forbidden by the `QA/ElementWithPattern` RuboCop cop.
# Match every line in `my/view.html.haml` against
# `/link_to .* "My Profile"/` regexp.
element :profile_link, /link_to .* "My Profile"/ # rubocop:disable QA/ElementWithPattern
end
```
### Adding Elements to a View[](#adding-elements-to-a-view "Permalink")
鉴于以下要素...
```
view 'app/views/my/view.html.haml' do
element :login_field
element :password_field
element :sign_in_button
end
```
要将这些元素添加到视图,必须通过为定义的每个元素添加`data-qa-selector`属性来更改 rails View,Partial 或 Vue 组件.
在我们的示例中, `data-qa-selector="login_field"` , `data-qa-selector="password_field"`和`data-qa-selector="sign_in_button"`
**app/views/my/view.html.haml**
```
= f.text_field :login, class: "form-control top", autofocus: "autofocus", autocapitalize: "off", autocorrect: "off", required: true, title: "This field is required.", data: { qa_selector: 'login_field' }
= f.password_field :password, class: "form-control bottom", required: true, title: "This field is required.", data: { qa_selector: 'password_field' }
= f.submit "Sign in", class: "btn btn-success", data: { qa_selector: 'sign_in_button' }
```
注意事项:
* 元素的名称和`qa_selector`必须匹配并使用 snake_cased
* 如果该元素无条件显示在页面上,请向该元素添加`required: true` . 请参阅[动态元素验证](dynamic_element_validation.html)
* 您可能会在现有的页面对象中看到`.qa-selector`类. 我们应该使用[`data-qa-selector`](#data-qa-selector-vs-qa-selector)定义方法,而不是`.qa-selector` CSS 类.
### `data-qa-selector` vs `.qa-selector`[](#data-qa-selector-vs-qa-selector "Permalink")
在 GitLab 12.1 中引入
在视图中定义元素有两种支持的方法.
1. `data-qa-selector` attribute
2. `.qa-selector` class
任何现有的`.qa-selector`类都应视为已弃用,我们应该更喜欢`data-qa-selector`定义方法.
### Dynamic element selection[](#dynamic-element-selection "Permalink")
在 GitLab 12.5 中引入
自动化测试中常见的一种情况是选择一个"多对多"元素. 在几个项目的列表中,如何区分选择的内容? 最常见的解决方法是通过文本匹配. 相反,更好的做法是通过唯一标识符而不是文本来匹配该特定元素.
我们通过添加`data-qa-*`可扩展选择机制来解决此问题.
#### Examples[](#examples "Permalink")
**例子 1**
给出以下 Rails 视图(以 GitLab Issues 为例):
```
%ul.issues-list
- @issues.each do |issue|
%li.issue{data: { qa_selector: 'issue', qa_issue_title: issue.title } }= link_to issue
```
我们可以通过在 Rails 模型上进行匹配来选择特定的问题.
```
class Page::Project::Issues::Index < Page::Base
def has_issue?(issue)
has_element? :issue, issue_title: issue
end
end
```
在我们的测试中,我们可以验证此特定问题的存在.
```
describe 'Issue' do
it 'has an issue titled "hello"' do
Page::Project::Issues::Index.perform do |index|
expect(index).to have_issue('hello')
end
end
end
```
**例子 2**
*通过索引…*
```
%ol
- @some_model.each_with_index do |model, idx|
%li.model{ data: { qa_selector: 'model', qa_index: idx } }
```
```
expect(the_page).to have_element(:model, index: 1) #=> select on the first model that appears in the list
```
### Exceptions[](#exceptions "Permalink")
在某些情况下,可能无法或不值得添加选择器.
一些 UI 组件使用外部库,包括一些第三方维护的库. 即使 GitLab 维护了一个库,选择器的健全性测试也只能在 GitLab 项目中的代码上运行,因此无法为库中的代码指定视图的路径.
在这种罕见的情况下,在页面对象方法中使用 CSS 选择器是合理的,并带有注释说明为什么不能添加`element`原因.
### Define Page concerns[](#define-page-concerns "Permalink")
某些页面具有共同的行为,并且/或者在特定于 EE 的模块之前添加了特定于 EE 的方法.
These modules must:
1. 从`QA::Page::PageConcern`模块`extend QA::Page::PageConcern` ,并`extend QA::Page::PageConcern` .
2. 重写`self.prepended`方法,如果他们需要`include` / `prepend`其他模块本身,和/或定义`view`或`elements` .
3. 将`super`称为`self.prepended`的第一件事.
4. 包含/添加其他模块,并在`base.class_eval`块中定义其`view` / `elements` ,以确保在添加模块的类中定义了它们.
这些步骤确保健全性选择器检查将正确检测到问题.
例如, `qa/qa/ee/page/merge_request/show.rb`将 EE 特定方法添加到`qa/qa/page/merge_request/show.rb` (带有`QA::Page::MergeRequest::Show.prepend_if_ee('QA::EE::Page::MergeRequest::Show')` ),其实现方式如下(仅显示相关部分,并使用内嵌注释引用上述 4 个步骤):
```
module QA
module EE
module Page
module MergeRequest
module Show
extend QA::Page::PageConcern # 1.
def self.prepended(base) # 2.
super # 3.
base.class_eval do # 4.
prepend Page::Component::LicenseManagement
view 'app/assets/javascripts/vue_merge_request_widget/components/states/sha_mismatch.vue' do
element :head_mismatch, "The source branch HEAD has recently changed."
end
[...]
end
end
end
end
end
end
end
```
## Running the test locally[](#running-the-test-locally "Permalink")
在开发过程中,您可以运行以下命令来运行`qa:selectors`测试
```
bin/qa Test::Sanity::Selectors
```
从`qa`目录中.
## Where to ask for help?[](#where-to-ask-for-help "Permalink")
如果您需要更多信息,请在 Slack 上的`#quality`频道(仅限内部,GitLab 团队)上寻求帮助.
如果你不是一个团队成员,你仍然需要帮助的贡献,请打开 GitLab CE 问题追踪的一个问题`~QA`标签.
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