# Remove Element
### Source
- leetcode: [Remove Element | LeetCode OJ](https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-element/)
- lintcode: [(172) Remove Element](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/remove-element/)
~~~
Given an array and a value, remove all occurrences of that value in place and return the new length.
The order of elements can be changed, and the elements after the new length don't matter.
Example
Given an array [0,4,4,0,0,2,4,4], value=4
return 4 and front four elements of the array is [0,0,0,2]
~~~
### 题解1 - 使用容器
入门题,返回删除指定元素后的数组长度,使用容器操作非常简单。以 lintcode 上给出的参数为例,遍历容器内元素,若元素值与给定删除值相等,删除当前元素并往后继续遍历。
### C++
~~~
class Solution {
public:
/**
*@param A: A list of integers
*@param elem: An integer
*@return: The new length after remove
*/
int removeElement(vector<int> &A, int elem) {
for (vector<int>::iterator iter = A.begin(); iter < A.end(); ++iter) {
if (*iter == elem) {
iter = A.erase(iter);
--iter;
}
}
return A.size();
}
};
~~~
### 源码分析
注意在遍历容器内元素和指定欲删除值相等时,需要先自减`--iter`, 因为`for`循环会对`iter`自增,`A.erase()`删除当前元素值并返回指向下一个元素的指针,一增一减正好平衡。如果改用`while`循环,则需注意访问数组时是否越界。
### 复杂度分析
由于vector每次erase的复杂度是O(n)O(n)O(n),我们遍历整个数组,最坏情况下,每个元素都与要删除的目标元素相等,每次都要删除元素的复杂度高达O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2)观察此方法会如此低效的原因,是因为我们一次只删除一个元素,导致很多没必要的元素交换移动,如果能够将要删除的元素集中处理,则可以大幅增加效率,见题解2。
### 题解2 - 两根指针
由于题中明确暗示元素的顺序可变,且新长度后的元素不用理会。我们可以使用两根指针分别往前往后遍历,头指针用于指示当前遍历的元素位置,尾指针则用于在当前元素与欲删除值相等时替换当前元素,两根指针相遇时返回尾指针索引——即删除元素后「新数组」的长度。
### C++
~~~
class Solution {
public:
int removeElement(int A[], int n, int elem) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
if (A[i] == elem) {
A[i] = A[n - 1];
--i;
--n;
}
}
return n;
}
};
~~~
### 源码分析
遍历当前数组,`A[i] == elem`时将数组「尾部(以 n 为长度时的尾部)」元素赋给当前遍历的元素。同时自减`i`和`n`,原因见题解1的分析。需要注意的是`n`在遍历过程中可能会变化。
### 复杂度分析
此方法只遍历一次数组,且每个循环的操作至多也不过仅是常数次,因此时间复杂度是O(n)O(n)O(n)。
### Reference
- [Remove Element | 九章算法](http://www.jiuzhang.com/solutions/remove-element/)
- Preface
- Part I - Basics
- Basics Data Structure
- String
- Linked List
- Binary Tree
- Huffman Compression
- Queue
- Heap
- Stack
- Set
- Map
- Graph
- Basics Sorting
- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Insertion Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Heap Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Counting Sort
- Radix Sort
- Basics Algorithm
- Divide and Conquer
- Binary Search
- Math
- Greatest Common Divisor
- Prime
- Knapsack
- Probability
- Shuffle
- Basics Misc
- Bit Manipulation
- Part II - Coding
- String
- strStr
- Two Strings Are Anagrams
- Compare Strings
- Anagrams
- Longest Common Substring
- Rotate String
- Reverse Words in a String
- Valid Palindrome
- Longest Palindromic Substring
- Space Replacement
- Wildcard Matching
- Length of Last Word
- Count and Say
- Integer Array
- Remove Element
- Zero Sum Subarray
- Subarray Sum K
- Subarray Sum Closest
- Recover Rotated Sorted Array
- Product of Array Exclude Itself
- Partition Array
- First Missing Positive
- 2 Sum
- 3 Sum
- 3 Sum Closest
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
- Merge Sorted Array
- Merge Sorted Array II
- Median
- Partition Array by Odd and Even
- Kth Largest Element
- Binary Search
- Binary Search
- Search Insert Position
- Search for a Range
- First Bad Version
- Search a 2D Matrix
- Search a 2D Matrix II
- Find Peak Element
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Median of two Sorted Arrays
- Sqrt x
- Wood Cut
- Math and Bit Manipulation
- Single Number
- Single Number II
- Single Number III
- O1 Check Power of 2
- Convert Integer A to Integer B
- Factorial Trailing Zeroes
- Unique Binary Search Trees
- Update Bits
- Fast Power
- Hash Function
- Count 1 in Binary
- Fibonacci
- A plus B Problem
- Print Numbers by Recursion
- Majority Number
- Majority Number II
- Majority Number III
- Digit Counts
- Ugly Number
- Plus One
- Linked List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II
- Remove Duplicates from Unsorted List
- Partition List
- Two Lists Sum
- Two Lists Sum Advanced
- Remove Nth Node From End of List
- Linked List Cycle
- Linked List Cycle II
- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Merge k Sorted Lists
- Reorder List
- Copy List with Random Pointer
- Sort List
- Insertion Sort List
- Check if a singly linked list is palindrome
- Delete Node in the Middle of Singly Linked List
- Rotate List
- Swap Nodes in Pairs
- Remove Linked List Elements
- Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Postorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II
- Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
- Balanced Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
- Lowest Common Ancestor
- Invert Binary Tree
- Diameter of a Binary Tree
- Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal
- Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal
- Subtree
- Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Serialization
- Binary Search Tree
- Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
- Validate Binary Search Tree
- Search Range in Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted List to Binary Search Tree
- Binary Search Tree Iterator
- Exhaustive Search
- Subsets
- Unique Subsets
- Permutations
- Unique Permutations
- Next Permutation
- Previous Permuation
- Unique Binary Search Trees II
- Permutation Index
- Permutation Index II
- Permutation Sequence
- Palindrome Partitioning
- Combinations
- Combination Sum
- Combination Sum II
- Minimum Depth of Binary Tree
- Word Search
- Dynamic Programming
- Triangle
- Backpack
- Backpack II
- Minimum Path Sum
- Unique Paths
- Unique Paths II
- Climbing Stairs
- Jump Game
- Word Break
- Longest Increasing Subsequence
- Palindrome Partitioning II
- Longest Common Subsequence
- Edit Distance
- Jump Game II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
- Distinct Subsequences
- Interleaving String
- Maximum Subarray
- Maximum Subarray II
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence II
- Graph
- Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
- Route Between Two Nodes in Graph
- Topological Sorting
- Word Ladder
- Bipartial Graph Part I
- Data Structure
- Implement Queue by Two Stacks
- Min Stack
- Sliding Window Maximum
- Longest Words
- Heapify
- Problem Misc
- Nuts and Bolts Problem
- String to Integer
- Insert Interval
- Merge Intervals
- Minimum Subarray
- Matrix Zigzag Traversal
- Valid Sudoku
- Add Binary
- Reverse Integer
- Gray Code
- Find the Missing Number
- Minimum Window Substring
- Continuous Subarray Sum
- Continuous Subarray Sum II
- Longest Consecutive Sequence
- Part III - Contest
- Google APAC
- APAC 2015 Round B
- Problem A. Password Attacker
- Microsoft
- Microsoft 2015 April
- Problem A. Magic Box
- Problem B. Professor Q's Software
- Problem C. Islands Travel
- Problem D. Recruitment
- Microsoft 2015 April 2
- Problem A. Lucky Substrings
- Problem B. Numeric Keypad
- Problem C. Spring Outing
- Microsoft 2015 September 2
- Problem A. Farthest Point
- Appendix I Interview and Resume
- Interview
- Resume