# Gray Code
### Source
- leetcode: [Gray Code | LeetCode OJ](https://leetcode.com/problems/gray-code/)
- lintcode: [(411) Gray Code](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/gray-code/)
### Problem
The gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.Given a non-negative integer n representing the total number of bits in the code, find the sequence of gray code. A gray code sequence must begin with 0 and with cover all 2n2^n2n integers.
#### Example
Given `n = 2`, return `[0,1,3,2]`. Its gray code sequence is:
~~~
00 - 0
01 - 1
11 - 3
10 - 2
~~~
#### Note
For a given n, a gray code sequence is not uniquely defined.
`[0,2,3,1]` is also a valid gray code sequence according to the above definition.
#### Challenge
O(2n)O(2^n)O(2n) time.
### 题解
第一次遇到这个题是在腾讯的在线笔试中,当时找到了规律,用的是递归,但是实现似乎有点问题... 直接从 n 位的格雷码分析不太好分析,比如题中`n = 2`的格雷码,我们不妨试试从小到大分析,以 `n = 1` 往后递推。
![Gray Code](https://box.kancloud.cn/2015-10-24_562b1f6dda38d.png)
从图中我们可以看出n 位的格雷码可由 n-1位的格雷码递推,在最高位前顺序加0,逆序加1即可。实际实现时我们可以省掉在最高位加0的过程,因为其在数值上和前 n-1位格雷码相同。另外一点则是初始化的处理,图中为从1开始,但若从0开始可进一步简化程序。而且根据 [格雷码](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E7%A0%81) 的定义,n=0时确实应该返回0.
### Java
~~~
public class Solution {
/**
* @param n a number
* @return Gray code
*/
public ArrayList<Integer> grayCode(int n) {
if (n < 0) return null;
ArrayList<Integer> currGray = new ArrayList<Integer>();
currGray.add(0);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
int msb = 1 << i;
// backward - symmetry
for (int j = currGray.size() - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
currGray.add(msb | currGray.get(j));
}
}
return currGray;
}
}
~~~
### 源码分析
加0 的那一部分已经在前一组格雷码中出现,故只需将前一组格雷码镜像后在最高位加1即可。第二重 for 循环中需要注意的是`currGray.size() - 1`并不是常量,只能用于给 j 初始化。本应该使用 2n2^n2n 和上一组格雷码相加,这里考虑到最高位为1的特殊性,使用位运算模拟加法更好。
### 复杂度分析
生成n 位的二进制码,时间复杂度 O(2n)O(2^n)O(2n), 使用了`msb`代表最高位的值便于后续相加,空间复杂度 O(1)O(1)O(1).
### Reference
- Soulmachine 的 leetcode 题解
- Preface
- Part I - Basics
- Basics Data Structure
- String
- Linked List
- Binary Tree
- Huffman Compression
- Queue
- Heap
- Stack
- Set
- Map
- Graph
- Basics Sorting
- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Insertion Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Heap Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Counting Sort
- Radix Sort
- Basics Algorithm
- Divide and Conquer
- Binary Search
- Math
- Greatest Common Divisor
- Prime
- Knapsack
- Probability
- Shuffle
- Basics Misc
- Bit Manipulation
- Part II - Coding
- String
- strStr
- Two Strings Are Anagrams
- Compare Strings
- Anagrams
- Longest Common Substring
- Rotate String
- Reverse Words in a String
- Valid Palindrome
- Longest Palindromic Substring
- Space Replacement
- Wildcard Matching
- Length of Last Word
- Count and Say
- Integer Array
- Remove Element
- Zero Sum Subarray
- Subarray Sum K
- Subarray Sum Closest
- Recover Rotated Sorted Array
- Product of Array Exclude Itself
- Partition Array
- First Missing Positive
- 2 Sum
- 3 Sum
- 3 Sum Closest
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
- Merge Sorted Array
- Merge Sorted Array II
- Median
- Partition Array by Odd and Even
- Kth Largest Element
- Binary Search
- Binary Search
- Search Insert Position
- Search for a Range
- First Bad Version
- Search a 2D Matrix
- Search a 2D Matrix II
- Find Peak Element
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Median of two Sorted Arrays
- Sqrt x
- Wood Cut
- Math and Bit Manipulation
- Single Number
- Single Number II
- Single Number III
- O1 Check Power of 2
- Convert Integer A to Integer B
- Factorial Trailing Zeroes
- Unique Binary Search Trees
- Update Bits
- Fast Power
- Hash Function
- Count 1 in Binary
- Fibonacci
- A plus B Problem
- Print Numbers by Recursion
- Majority Number
- Majority Number II
- Majority Number III
- Digit Counts
- Ugly Number
- Plus One
- Linked List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II
- Remove Duplicates from Unsorted List
- Partition List
- Two Lists Sum
- Two Lists Sum Advanced
- Remove Nth Node From End of List
- Linked List Cycle
- Linked List Cycle II
- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Merge k Sorted Lists
- Reorder List
- Copy List with Random Pointer
- Sort List
- Insertion Sort List
- Check if a singly linked list is palindrome
- Delete Node in the Middle of Singly Linked List
- Rotate List
- Swap Nodes in Pairs
- Remove Linked List Elements
- Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Postorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II
- Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
- Balanced Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
- Lowest Common Ancestor
- Invert Binary Tree
- Diameter of a Binary Tree
- Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal
- Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal
- Subtree
- Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Serialization
- Binary Search Tree
- Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
- Validate Binary Search Tree
- Search Range in Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted List to Binary Search Tree
- Binary Search Tree Iterator
- Exhaustive Search
- Subsets
- Unique Subsets
- Permutations
- Unique Permutations
- Next Permutation
- Previous Permuation
- Unique Binary Search Trees II
- Permutation Index
- Permutation Index II
- Permutation Sequence
- Palindrome Partitioning
- Combinations
- Combination Sum
- Combination Sum II
- Minimum Depth of Binary Tree
- Word Search
- Dynamic Programming
- Triangle
- Backpack
- Backpack II
- Minimum Path Sum
- Unique Paths
- Unique Paths II
- Climbing Stairs
- Jump Game
- Word Break
- Longest Increasing Subsequence
- Palindrome Partitioning II
- Longest Common Subsequence
- Edit Distance
- Jump Game II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
- Distinct Subsequences
- Interleaving String
- Maximum Subarray
- Maximum Subarray II
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence II
- Graph
- Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
- Route Between Two Nodes in Graph
- Topological Sorting
- Word Ladder
- Bipartial Graph Part I
- Data Structure
- Implement Queue by Two Stacks
- Min Stack
- Sliding Window Maximum
- Longest Words
- Heapify
- Problem Misc
- Nuts and Bolts Problem
- String to Integer
- Insert Interval
- Merge Intervals
- Minimum Subarray
- Matrix Zigzag Traversal
- Valid Sudoku
- Add Binary
- Reverse Integer
- Gray Code
- Find the Missing Number
- Minimum Window Substring
- Continuous Subarray Sum
- Continuous Subarray Sum II
- Longest Consecutive Sequence
- Part III - Contest
- Google APAC
- APAC 2015 Round B
- Problem A. Password Attacker
- Microsoft
- Microsoft 2015 April
- Problem A. Magic Box
- Problem B. Professor Q's Software
- Problem C. Islands Travel
- Problem D. Recruitment
- Microsoft 2015 April 2
- Problem A. Lucky Substrings
- Problem B. Numeric Keypad
- Problem C. Spring Outing
- Microsoft 2015 September 2
- Problem A. Farthest Point
- Appendix I Interview and Resume
- Interview
- Resume