# Zero Sum Subarray
### Source
- lintcode: [(138) Subarray Sum](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/subarray-sum/)
- GeeksforGeeks: [Find if there is a subarray with 0 sum - GeeksforGeeks](http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-if-there-is-a-subarray-with-0-sum/)
~~~
Given an integer array, find a subarray where the sum of numbers is zero.
Your code should return the index of the first number and the index of the last number.
Example
Given [-3, 1, 2, -3, 4], return [0, 2] or [1, 3].
Note
There is at least one subarray that it's sum equals to zero.
~~~
### 题解1 - 两重 for 循环
题目中仅要求返回一个子串(连续)中和为0的索引,而不必返回所有可能满足题意的解。最简单的想法是遍历所有子串,判断其和是否为0,使用两重循环即可搞定,最坏情况下时间复杂度为 O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2), 这种方法显然是极其低效的,极有可能会出现 [TLE](# "Time Limit Exceeded 的简称。你的程序在 OJ 上的运行时间太长了,超过了对应题目的时间限制。"). 下面就不浪费篇幅贴代码了。
### 题解2 - 比较子串和([TLE](# "Time Limit Exceeded 的简称。你的程序在 OJ 上的运行时间太长了,超过了对应题目的时间限制。"))
两重 for 循环显然是我们不希望看到的解法,那么我们再来分析下题意,题目中的对象是分析子串和,那么我们先从常见的对数组求和出发,f(i)=∑0inums[i]f(i) = \sum _{0} ^{i} nums[i]f(i)=∑0inums[i] 表示从数组下标 0 开始至下标 i 的和。子串和为0,也就意味着存在不同的 i1i_1i1 和 i2i_2i2 使得 f(i1)−f(i2)=0f(i_1) - f(i_2) = 0f(i1)−f(i2)=0, 等价于 f(i1)=f(i2)f(i_1) = f(i_2)f(i1)=f(i2). 思路很快就明晰了,使用一 vector 保存数组中从 0 开始到索引`i`的和,在将值 push 进 vector 之前先检查 vector 中是否已经存在,若存在则将相应索引加入最终结果并返回。
### C++
~~~
class Solution {
public:
/**
* @param nums: A list of integers
* @return: A list of integers includes the index of the first number
* and the index of the last number
*/
vector<int> subarraySum(vector<int> nums){
vector<int> result;
int curr_sum = 0;
vector<int> sum_i;
for (int i = 0; i != nums.size(); ++i) {
curr_sum += nums[i];
if (0 == curr_sum) {
result.push_back(0);
result.push_back(i);
return result;
}
vector<int>::iterator iter = find(sum_i.begin(), sum_i.end(), curr_sum);
if (iter != sum_i.end()) {
result.push_back(iter - sum_i.begin() + 1);
result.push_back(i);
return result;
}
sum_i.push_back(curr_sum);
}
return result;
}
};
~~~
### 源码分析
使用`curr_sum`保存到索引`i`处的累加和,`sum_i`保存不同索引处的和。执行`sum_i.push_back`之前先检查`curr_sum`是否为0,再检查`curr_sum`是否已经存在于`sum_i`中。是不是觉得这种方法会比题解1好?错!时间复杂度是一样一样的!根本原因在于`find`操作的时间复杂度为线性。与这种方法类似的有哈希表实现,哈希表的查找在理想情况下可认为是 O(1)O(1)O(1).
### 复杂度分析
最坏情况下 O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2), 实测和题解1中的方法运行时间几乎一致。
### 题解3 - 哈希表
终于到了祭出万能方法时候了,题解2可以认为是哈希表的雏形,而哈希表利用空间换时间的思路争取到了宝贵的时间资源 :)
### C++
~~~
class Solution {
public:
/**
* @param nums: A list of integers
* @return: A list of integers includes the index of the first number
* and the index of the last number
*/
vector<int> subarraySum(vector<int> nums){
vector<int> result;
// curr_sum for the first item, index for the second item
map<int, int> hash;
hash[0] = 0;
int curr_sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i != nums.size(); ++i) {
curr_sum += nums[i];
if (hash.find(curr_sum) != hash.end()) {
result.push_back(hash[curr_sum]);
result.push_back(i);
return result;
} else {
hash[curr_sum] = i + 1;
}
}
return result;
}
};
~~~
### 源码分析
为了将`curr_sum == 0`的情况也考虑在内,初始化哈希表后即赋予 `<0, 0>`. 给 `hash`赋值时使用`i + 1`, `push_back`时则不必再加1.
由于 C++ 中的`map`采用红黑树实现,故其并非真正的「哈希表」,C++ 11中引入的`unordered_map`用作哈希表效率更高,实测可由1300ms 降至1000ms.
### 复杂度分析
遍历求和时间复杂度为 O(n)O(n)O(n), 哈希表检查键值时间复杂度为 O(logL)O(\log L)O(logL), 其中 LLL 为哈希表长度。如果采用`unordered_map`实现,最坏情况下查找的时间复杂度为线性,最好为常数级别。
### 题解4 - 排序
除了使用哈希表,我们还可使用排序的方法找到两个子串和相等的情况。这种方法的时间复杂度主要集中在排序方法的实现。由于除了记录子串和之外还需记录索引,故引入`pair`记录索引,最后排序时先按照`sum`值来排序,然后再按照索引值排序。如果需要自定义排序规则可参考[sort_pair_second](#).
### C++
~~~
class Solution {
public:
/**
* @param nums: A list of integers
* @return: A list of integers includes the index of the first number
* and the index of the last number
*/
vector<int> subarraySum(vector<int> nums){
vector<int> result;
if (nums.empty()) {
return result;
}
const int num_size = nums.size();
vector<pair<int, int> > sum_index(num_size + 1);
for (int i = 0; i != num_size; ++i) {
sum_index[i + 1].first = sum_index[i].first + nums[i];
sum_index[i + 1].second = i + 1;
}
sort(sum_index.begin(), sum_index.end());
for (int i = 1; i < num_size + 1; ++i) {
if (sum_index[i].first == sum_index[i - 1].first) {
result.push_back(sum_index[i - 1].second);
result.push_back(sum_index[i].second - 1);
return result;
}
}
return result;
}
};
~~~
### 源码分析
没啥好分析的,注意好边界条件即可。这里采用了链表中常用的「dummy」节点方法,`pair`排序后即为我们需要的排序结果。这种排序的方法需要先求得所有子串和然后再排序,最后还需要遍历排序后的数组,效率自然是比不上哈希表。但是在某些情况下这种方法有一定优势。
### 复杂度分析
遍历求子串和,时间复杂度为 O(n)O(n)O(n), 空间复杂度 O(n)O(n)O(n). 排序时间复杂度近似 O(nlogn)O(n \log n)O(nlogn), 遍历一次最坏情况下时间复杂度为 O(n)O(n)O(n). 总的时间复杂度可近似为 O(nlogn)O(n \log n)O(nlogn). 空间复杂度 O(n)O(n)O(n).
### 扩展
这道题的要求是找到一个即可,但是要找出所有满足要求的解呢?Stackoverflow 上有这道延伸题的讨论[stackoverflow](#).
另一道扩展题来自 Google 的面试题 - [Find subarray with given sum - GeeksforGeeks](http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-subarray-with-given-sum/).
### Reference
- stackoverflow
> .
[algorithm - Zero sum SubArray - Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5534063/zero-sum-subarray)[ ↩](# "Jump back to footnote [stackoverflow] in the text.")
- sort_pair_second
> .
[c++ - How do I sort a vector of pairs based on the second element of the pair? - Stack Overflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/279854/how-do-i-sort-a-vector-of-pairs-based-on-the-second-element-of-the-pair)[ ↩](# "Jump back to footnote [sort_pair_second] in the text.")
- Preface
- Part I - Basics
- Basics Data Structure
- String
- Linked List
- Binary Tree
- Huffman Compression
- Queue
- Heap
- Stack
- Set
- Map
- Graph
- Basics Sorting
- Bubble Sort
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- Basics Algorithm
- Divide and Conquer
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- Greatest Common Divisor
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- Basics Misc
- Bit Manipulation
- Part II - Coding
- String
- strStr
- Two Strings Are Anagrams
- Compare Strings
- Anagrams
- Longest Common Substring
- Rotate String
- Reverse Words in a String
- Valid Palindrome
- Longest Palindromic Substring
- Space Replacement
- Wildcard Matching
- Length of Last Word
- Count and Say
- Integer Array
- Remove Element
- Zero Sum Subarray
- Subarray Sum K
- Subarray Sum Closest
- Recover Rotated Sorted Array
- Product of Array Exclude Itself
- Partition Array
- First Missing Positive
- 2 Sum
- 3 Sum
- 3 Sum Closest
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
- Merge Sorted Array
- Merge Sorted Array II
- Median
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- Kth Largest Element
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- Partition List
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- Two Lists Sum Advanced
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- Linked List Cycle
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- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Merge k Sorted Lists
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- Delete Node in the Middle of Singly Linked List
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- Climbing Stairs
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- Edit Distance
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- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
- Distinct Subsequences
- Interleaving String
- Maximum Subarray
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- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence
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- Graph
- Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
- Route Between Two Nodes in Graph
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- Bipartial Graph Part I
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- Minimum Window Substring
- Continuous Subarray Sum
- Continuous Subarray Sum II
- Longest Consecutive Sequence
- Part III - Contest
- Google APAC
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- Problem A. Password Attacker
- Microsoft
- Microsoft 2015 April
- Problem A. Magic Box
- Problem B. Professor Q's Software
- Problem C. Islands Travel
- Problem D. Recruitment
- Microsoft 2015 April 2
- Problem A. Lucky Substrings
- Problem B. Numeric Keypad
- Problem C. Spring Outing
- Microsoft 2015 September 2
- Problem A. Farthest Point
- Appendix I Interview and Resume
- Interview
- Resume