# Swap Nodes in Pairs
### Source
- leetcode: [Swap Nodes in Pairs | LeetCode OJ](https://leetcode.com/problems/swap-nodes-in-pairs/)
- lintcode: [(451) Swap Nodes in Pairs](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/swap-nodes-in-pairs/)
### Problem
Given a linked list, swap every two adjacent nodes and return its head.
#### Example
Given `1->2->3->4`, you should return the list as `2->1->4->3`.
#### Challenge
Your algorithm should use only constant space. You may not modify the valuesin the list, only nodes itself can be changed.
### 题解1 - Iteration
直觉上我们能想到的是使用 dummy 处理不定头节点,但是由于这里是交换奇偶位置的链表节点,我们不妨首先使用伪代码来表示。大致可以分为如下几个步骤:
1. 保存`2.next`
1. 将`2.next`赋值为`1`
1. 将`1.next`赋值为1中保存的`2.next`
1. 将前一个链表节点的 next 指向`1`
1. 更新前一个链表节点为`1`
1. 更新当前的链表节点为1中保存的`2.next`
链表类题目看似容易,但要做到 bug-free 其实不容易,建议结合图像辅助分析,onsite 时不要急,把过程先用伪代码写出来。然后将伪代码逐行转化。
### Java
~~~
/**
* Definition for singly-linked list.
* public class ListNode {
* int val;
* ListNode next;
* ListNode(int x) { val = x; }
* }
*/
public class Solution {
/**
* @param head a ListNode
* @return a ListNode
*/
public ListNode swapPairs(ListNode head) {
ListNode dummy = new ListNode(0);
dummy.next = head;
ListNode prev = dummy, curr = head;
while (curr != null && curr.next != null) {
ListNode after = curr.next;
ListNode nextCurr = after.next;
after.next = curr;
curr.next = nextCurr;
// link new node after prev
prev.next = after;
// update prev and curr
prev = curr;
curr = nextCurr;
}
return dummy.next;
}
}
~~~
### 源码分析
这里使用 dummy 处理不定头节点,首先将`prev`初始化为`dummy`, 然后按照题解中的几个步骤逐步转化,需要注意的是 while 循环中`curr`和`curr.next`都不能为`null`.
### 复杂度分析
遍历链表一遍,时间复杂度 O(1)O(1)O(1). 使用了若干临时链表节点引用对象,空间复杂度 O(1)O(1)O(1).
### 题解2 - Recursion
在题解1 的分析过程中我们发现比较难处理的是 `prev`和下一个头的连接,要是能直接得到链表后面新的头节点该有多好啊。首先我们可以肯定的是若`head == null || head.next == null`时应直接返回,如果不是则求得交换奇偶节点后的下一个头节点并链接到之前的奇数个节点。这种思想使用递归实现起来非常优雅!
### Java
~~~
/**
* Definition for singly-linked list.
* public class ListNode {
* int val;
* ListNode next;
* ListNode(int x) { val = x; }
* }
*/
public class Solution {
/**
* @param head a ListNode
* @return a ListNode
*/
public ListNode swapPairs(ListNode head) {
if (head == null || head.next == null) return head;
ListNode after = head.next;
head.next = swapPairs(after.next);
after.next = head;
return after;
}
}
~~~
### 源码分析
这个递归实现非常优雅,需要注意的是递归步的退出条件==>`head == null || head.next == null)`.
### 复杂度分析
每个节点最多被遍历若干次,时间复杂度 O(n)O(n)O(n), 空间复杂度 O(1)O(1)O(1).
- Preface
- Part I - Basics
- Basics Data Structure
- String
- Linked List
- Binary Tree
- Huffman Compression
- Queue
- Heap
- Stack
- Set
- Map
- Graph
- Basics Sorting
- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Insertion Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Heap Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Counting Sort
- Radix Sort
- Basics Algorithm
- Divide and Conquer
- Binary Search
- Math
- Greatest Common Divisor
- Prime
- Knapsack
- Probability
- Shuffle
- Basics Misc
- Bit Manipulation
- Part II - Coding
- String
- strStr
- Two Strings Are Anagrams
- Compare Strings
- Anagrams
- Longest Common Substring
- Rotate String
- Reverse Words in a String
- Valid Palindrome
- Longest Palindromic Substring
- Space Replacement
- Wildcard Matching
- Length of Last Word
- Count and Say
- Integer Array
- Remove Element
- Zero Sum Subarray
- Subarray Sum K
- Subarray Sum Closest
- Recover Rotated Sorted Array
- Product of Array Exclude Itself
- Partition Array
- First Missing Positive
- 2 Sum
- 3 Sum
- 3 Sum Closest
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
- Merge Sorted Array
- Merge Sorted Array II
- Median
- Partition Array by Odd and Even
- Kth Largest Element
- Binary Search
- Binary Search
- Search Insert Position
- Search for a Range
- First Bad Version
- Search a 2D Matrix
- Search a 2D Matrix II
- Find Peak Element
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Median of two Sorted Arrays
- Sqrt x
- Wood Cut
- Math and Bit Manipulation
- Single Number
- Single Number II
- Single Number III
- O1 Check Power of 2
- Convert Integer A to Integer B
- Factorial Trailing Zeroes
- Unique Binary Search Trees
- Update Bits
- Fast Power
- Hash Function
- Count 1 in Binary
- Fibonacci
- A plus B Problem
- Print Numbers by Recursion
- Majority Number
- Majority Number II
- Majority Number III
- Digit Counts
- Ugly Number
- Plus One
- Linked List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II
- Remove Duplicates from Unsorted List
- Partition List
- Two Lists Sum
- Two Lists Sum Advanced
- Remove Nth Node From End of List
- Linked List Cycle
- Linked List Cycle II
- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Merge k Sorted Lists
- Reorder List
- Copy List with Random Pointer
- Sort List
- Insertion Sort List
- Check if a singly linked list is palindrome
- Delete Node in the Middle of Singly Linked List
- Rotate List
- Swap Nodes in Pairs
- Remove Linked List Elements
- Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Postorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II
- Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
- Balanced Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
- Lowest Common Ancestor
- Invert Binary Tree
- Diameter of a Binary Tree
- Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal
- Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal
- Subtree
- Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Serialization
- Binary Search Tree
- Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
- Validate Binary Search Tree
- Search Range in Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted List to Binary Search Tree
- Binary Search Tree Iterator
- Exhaustive Search
- Subsets
- Unique Subsets
- Permutations
- Unique Permutations
- Next Permutation
- Previous Permuation
- Unique Binary Search Trees II
- Permutation Index
- Permutation Index II
- Permutation Sequence
- Palindrome Partitioning
- Combinations
- Combination Sum
- Combination Sum II
- Minimum Depth of Binary Tree
- Word Search
- Dynamic Programming
- Triangle
- Backpack
- Backpack II
- Minimum Path Sum
- Unique Paths
- Unique Paths II
- Climbing Stairs
- Jump Game
- Word Break
- Longest Increasing Subsequence
- Palindrome Partitioning II
- Longest Common Subsequence
- Edit Distance
- Jump Game II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
- Distinct Subsequences
- Interleaving String
- Maximum Subarray
- Maximum Subarray II
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence II
- Graph
- Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
- Route Between Two Nodes in Graph
- Topological Sorting
- Word Ladder
- Bipartial Graph Part I
- Data Structure
- Implement Queue by Two Stacks
- Min Stack
- Sliding Window Maximum
- Longest Words
- Heapify
- Problem Misc
- Nuts and Bolts Problem
- String to Integer
- Insert Interval
- Merge Intervals
- Minimum Subarray
- Matrix Zigzag Traversal
- Valid Sudoku
- Add Binary
- Reverse Integer
- Gray Code
- Find the Missing Number
- Minimum Window Substring
- Continuous Subarray Sum
- Continuous Subarray Sum II
- Longest Consecutive Sequence
- Part III - Contest
- Google APAC
- APAC 2015 Round B
- Problem A. Password Attacker
- Microsoft
- Microsoft 2015 April
- Problem A. Magic Box
- Problem B. Professor Q's Software
- Problem C. Islands Travel
- Problem D. Recruitment
- Microsoft 2015 April 2
- Problem A. Lucky Substrings
- Problem B. Numeric Keypad
- Problem C. Spring Outing
- Microsoft 2015 September 2
- Problem A. Farthest Point
- Appendix I Interview and Resume
- Interview
- Resume