# Permutation Index
### Source
- lintcode: [(197) Permutation Index](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/permutation-index/)
~~~
Given a permutation which contains no repeated number,
find its index in all the permutations of these numbers,
which are ordered in lexicographical order. The index begins at 1.
Example
Given [1,2,4], return 1.
~~~
### 题解
做过 next permutation 系列题的话自然能想到不断迭代直至最后一个,最后返回计数器的值即可。这种方法理论上自然是可行的,但是最坏情况下时间复杂度为 O(n!)O(n!)O(n!), 显然是不能接受的。由于这道题只是列出某给定 permutation 的相对顺序(index), 故我们可从 permutation 的特点出发进行分析。
以序列`1, 2, 4`为例,其不同的排列共有 `3!=6` 种,以排列`[2, 4, 1]`为例,若将1置于排列的第一位,后面的排列则有 `2!=2` 种。将2置于排列的第一位,由于`[2, 4, 1]`的第二位4在1, 2, 4中为第3大数,故第二位可置1或者2,那么相应的排列共有 `2 * 1! = 2`种,最后一位1为最小的数,故比其小的排列为0。综上,可参考我们常用的十进制和二进制的转换,对于`[2, 4, 1]`, 可总结出其排列的`index`为`2! * (2 - 1) + 1! * (3 - 1) + 0! * (1 - 1) + 1`.
以上分析看似正确无误,实则有个关键的漏洞,在排定第一个数2后,第二位数只可为1或者4,而无法为2, 故在计算最终的 index 时需要动态计算某个数的相对大小。按照从低位到高位进行计算,我们可通过两重循环得出到某个索引处值的相对大小。
### Python
~~~
class Solution:
# @param {int[]} A an integer array
# @return {long} a long integer
def permutationIndex(self, A):
if A is None or len(A) == 0:
return 0
index = 1
factor = 1
for i in xrange(len(A) - 1, -1, -1):
rank = 0
for j in xrange(i + 1, len(A)):
if A[i] > A[j]:
rank += 1
index += rank * factor
factor *= (len(A) - i)
return index
~~~
### C++
~~~
class Solution {
public:
/**
* @param A an integer array
* @return a long integer
*/
long long permutationIndex(vector<int>& A) {
if (A.empty()) return 0;
long long index = 1;
long long factor = 1;
for (int i = A.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
int rank = 0;
for (int j = i + 1; j < A.size(); ++j) {
if (A[i] > A[j]) ++rank;
}
index += rank * factor;
factor *= (A.size() - i);
}
return index;
}
};
~~~
### Java
~~~
public class Solution {
/**
* @param A an integer array
* @return a long integer
*/
public long permutationIndex(int[] A) {
if (A == null || A.length == 0) return 0;
long index = 1;
long factor = 1;
for (int i = A.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
int rank = 0;
for (int j = i + 1; j < A.length; j++) {
if (A[i] > A[j]) rank++;
}
index += rank * factor;
factor *= (A.length - i);
}
return index;
}
}
~~~
### 源码分析
注意 index 和 factor 的初始化值,rank 的值每次计算时都需要重新置零,index 先自增,factor 后自乘求阶乘。
### 复杂度分析
双重 for 循环,时间复杂度为 O(n2)O(n^2)O(n2). 使用了部分额外空间,空间复杂度 O(1)O(1)O(1).
### Reference
- [Permutation Index](http://www.geekviewpoint.com/java/numbers/permutation_index)
- Preface
- Part I - Basics
- Basics Data Structure
- String
- Linked List
- Binary Tree
- Huffman Compression
- Queue
- Heap
- Stack
- Set
- Map
- Graph
- Basics Sorting
- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Insertion Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Heap Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Counting Sort
- Radix Sort
- Basics Algorithm
- Divide and Conquer
- Binary Search
- Math
- Greatest Common Divisor
- Prime
- Knapsack
- Probability
- Shuffle
- Basics Misc
- Bit Manipulation
- Part II - Coding
- String
- strStr
- Two Strings Are Anagrams
- Compare Strings
- Anagrams
- Longest Common Substring
- Rotate String
- Reverse Words in a String
- Valid Palindrome
- Longest Palindromic Substring
- Space Replacement
- Wildcard Matching
- Length of Last Word
- Count and Say
- Integer Array
- Remove Element
- Zero Sum Subarray
- Subarray Sum K
- Subarray Sum Closest
- Recover Rotated Sorted Array
- Product of Array Exclude Itself
- Partition Array
- First Missing Positive
- 2 Sum
- 3 Sum
- 3 Sum Closest
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
- Merge Sorted Array
- Merge Sorted Array II
- Median
- Partition Array by Odd and Even
- Kth Largest Element
- Binary Search
- Binary Search
- Search Insert Position
- Search for a Range
- First Bad Version
- Search a 2D Matrix
- Search a 2D Matrix II
- Find Peak Element
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Median of two Sorted Arrays
- Sqrt x
- Wood Cut
- Math and Bit Manipulation
- Single Number
- Single Number II
- Single Number III
- O1 Check Power of 2
- Convert Integer A to Integer B
- Factorial Trailing Zeroes
- Unique Binary Search Trees
- Update Bits
- Fast Power
- Hash Function
- Count 1 in Binary
- Fibonacci
- A plus B Problem
- Print Numbers by Recursion
- Majority Number
- Majority Number II
- Majority Number III
- Digit Counts
- Ugly Number
- Plus One
- Linked List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II
- Remove Duplicates from Unsorted List
- Partition List
- Two Lists Sum
- Two Lists Sum Advanced
- Remove Nth Node From End of List
- Linked List Cycle
- Linked List Cycle II
- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Merge k Sorted Lists
- Reorder List
- Copy List with Random Pointer
- Sort List
- Insertion Sort List
- Check if a singly linked list is palindrome
- Delete Node in the Middle of Singly Linked List
- Rotate List
- Swap Nodes in Pairs
- Remove Linked List Elements
- Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Postorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II
- Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
- Balanced Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
- Lowest Common Ancestor
- Invert Binary Tree
- Diameter of a Binary Tree
- Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal
- Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal
- Subtree
- Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Serialization
- Binary Search Tree
- Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
- Validate Binary Search Tree
- Search Range in Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted List to Binary Search Tree
- Binary Search Tree Iterator
- Exhaustive Search
- Subsets
- Unique Subsets
- Permutations
- Unique Permutations
- Next Permutation
- Previous Permuation
- Unique Binary Search Trees II
- Permutation Index
- Permutation Index II
- Permutation Sequence
- Palindrome Partitioning
- Combinations
- Combination Sum
- Combination Sum II
- Minimum Depth of Binary Tree
- Word Search
- Dynamic Programming
- Triangle
- Backpack
- Backpack II
- Minimum Path Sum
- Unique Paths
- Unique Paths II
- Climbing Stairs
- Jump Game
- Word Break
- Longest Increasing Subsequence
- Palindrome Partitioning II
- Longest Common Subsequence
- Edit Distance
- Jump Game II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
- Distinct Subsequences
- Interleaving String
- Maximum Subarray
- Maximum Subarray II
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence II
- Graph
- Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
- Route Between Two Nodes in Graph
- Topological Sorting
- Word Ladder
- Bipartial Graph Part I
- Data Structure
- Implement Queue by Two Stacks
- Min Stack
- Sliding Window Maximum
- Longest Words
- Heapify
- Problem Misc
- Nuts and Bolts Problem
- String to Integer
- Insert Interval
- Merge Intervals
- Minimum Subarray
- Matrix Zigzag Traversal
- Valid Sudoku
- Add Binary
- Reverse Integer
- Gray Code
- Find the Missing Number
- Minimum Window Substring
- Continuous Subarray Sum
- Continuous Subarray Sum II
- Longest Consecutive Sequence
- Part III - Contest
- Google APAC
- APAC 2015 Round B
- Problem A. Password Attacker
- Microsoft
- Microsoft 2015 April
- Problem A. Magic Box
- Problem B. Professor Q's Software
- Problem C. Islands Travel
- Problem D. Recruitment
- Microsoft 2015 April 2
- Problem A. Lucky Substrings
- Problem B. Numeric Keypad
- Problem C. Spring Outing
- Microsoft 2015 September 2
- Problem A. Farthest Point
- Appendix I Interview and Resume
- Interview
- Resume