# Sqrt x
### Source
- leetcode: [Sqrt(x) | LeetCode OJ](https://leetcode.com/problems/sqrtx/)
- lintcode: [(141) Sqrt(x)](http://www.lintcode.com/en/problem/sqrtx/)
### 题解 - 二分搜索
由于只需要求整数部分,故对于任意正整数 xxx, 设其整数部分为 kkk, 显然有 1≤k≤x1 \leq k \leq x1≤k≤x, 求解 kkk 的值也就转化为了在有序数组中查找满足某种约束条件的元素,显然二分搜索是解决此类问题的良方。
### Python
~~~
class Solution:
# @param {integer} x
# @return {integer}
def mySqrt(self, x):
if x < 0:
return -1
elif x == 0:
return 0
start, end = 1, x
while start + 1 < end:
mid = start + (end - start) / 2
if mid**2 == x:
return mid
elif mid**2 > x:
end = mid
else:
start = mid
return start
~~~
### 源码分析
1. 异常检测,先处理小于等于0的值。
1. 使用二分搜索的经典模板,注意不能使用`start < end`, 否则在给定值1时产生死循环。
1. 最后返回平方根的整数部分`start`.
二分搜索过程很好理解,关键是最后的返回结果还需不需要判断?比如是取 start, end, 还是 mid? 我们首先来分析下二分搜索的循环条件,由`while`循环条件`start + 1 < end`可知,`start`和`end`只可能有两种关系,一个是`end == 1 || end ==2`这一特殊情况,返回值均为1,另一个就是循环终止时`start`恰好在`end`前一个元素。设值 x 的整数部分为 k, 那么在执行二分搜索的过程中 start≤k≤end start \leq k \leq endstart≤k≤end 关系一直存在,也就是说在没有找到 mid2==xmid^2 == xmid2==x 时,循环退出时有 start<k<endstart < k < endstart<k<end, 取整的话显然就是`start`了。
### 复杂度分析
经典的二分搜索,时间复杂度为 O(logn)O(\log n)O(logn), 使用了`start`, `end`, `mid`变量,空间复杂度为 O(1)O(1)O(1).
除了使用二分法求平方根近似解之外,还可使用牛顿迭代法进一步提高运算效率,欲知后事如何,请猛戳 [求平方根sqrt()函数的底层算法效率问题 -- 简明现代魔法](http://www.nowamagic.net/algorithm/algorithm_EfficacyOfFunctionSqrt.php),不得不感叹算法的魔力!
- Preface
- Part I - Basics
- Basics Data Structure
- String
- Linked List
- Binary Tree
- Huffman Compression
- Queue
- Heap
- Stack
- Set
- Map
- Graph
- Basics Sorting
- Bubble Sort
- Selection Sort
- Insertion Sort
- Merge Sort
- Quick Sort
- Heap Sort
- Bucket Sort
- Counting Sort
- Radix Sort
- Basics Algorithm
- Divide and Conquer
- Binary Search
- Math
- Greatest Common Divisor
- Prime
- Knapsack
- Probability
- Shuffle
- Basics Misc
- Bit Manipulation
- Part II - Coding
- String
- strStr
- Two Strings Are Anagrams
- Compare Strings
- Anagrams
- Longest Common Substring
- Rotate String
- Reverse Words in a String
- Valid Palindrome
- Longest Palindromic Substring
- Space Replacement
- Wildcard Matching
- Length of Last Word
- Count and Say
- Integer Array
- Remove Element
- Zero Sum Subarray
- Subarray Sum K
- Subarray Sum Closest
- Recover Rotated Sorted Array
- Product of Array Exclude Itself
- Partition Array
- First Missing Positive
- 2 Sum
- 3 Sum
- 3 Sum Closest
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II
- Merge Sorted Array
- Merge Sorted Array II
- Median
- Partition Array by Odd and Even
- Kth Largest Element
- Binary Search
- Binary Search
- Search Insert Position
- Search for a Range
- First Bad Version
- Search a 2D Matrix
- Search a 2D Matrix II
- Find Peak Element
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array
- Find Minimum in Rotated Sorted Array II
- Median of two Sorted Arrays
- Sqrt x
- Wood Cut
- Math and Bit Manipulation
- Single Number
- Single Number II
- Single Number III
- O1 Check Power of 2
- Convert Integer A to Integer B
- Factorial Trailing Zeroes
- Unique Binary Search Trees
- Update Bits
- Fast Power
- Hash Function
- Count 1 in Binary
- Fibonacci
- A plus B Problem
- Print Numbers by Recursion
- Majority Number
- Majority Number II
- Majority Number III
- Digit Counts
- Ugly Number
- Plus One
- Linked List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted List II
- Remove Duplicates from Unsorted List
- Partition List
- Two Lists Sum
- Two Lists Sum Advanced
- Remove Nth Node From End of List
- Linked List Cycle
- Linked List Cycle II
- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Merge Two Sorted Lists
- Merge k Sorted Lists
- Reorder List
- Copy List with Random Pointer
- Sort List
- Insertion Sort List
- Check if a singly linked list is palindrome
- Delete Node in the Middle of Singly Linked List
- Rotate List
- Swap Nodes in Pairs
- Remove Linked List Elements
- Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Postorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal II
- Maximum Depth of Binary Tree
- Balanced Binary Tree
- Binary Tree Maximum Path Sum
- Lowest Common Ancestor
- Invert Binary Tree
- Diameter of a Binary Tree
- Construct Binary Tree from Preorder and Inorder Traversal
- Construct Binary Tree from Inorder and Postorder Traversal
- Subtree
- Binary Tree Zigzag Level Order Traversal
- Binary Tree Serialization
- Binary Search Tree
- Insert Node in a Binary Search Tree
- Validate Binary Search Tree
- Search Range in Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted Array to Binary Search Tree
- Convert Sorted List to Binary Search Tree
- Binary Search Tree Iterator
- Exhaustive Search
- Subsets
- Unique Subsets
- Permutations
- Unique Permutations
- Next Permutation
- Previous Permuation
- Unique Binary Search Trees II
- Permutation Index
- Permutation Index II
- Permutation Sequence
- Palindrome Partitioning
- Combinations
- Combination Sum
- Combination Sum II
- Minimum Depth of Binary Tree
- Word Search
- Dynamic Programming
- Triangle
- Backpack
- Backpack II
- Minimum Path Sum
- Unique Paths
- Unique Paths II
- Climbing Stairs
- Jump Game
- Word Break
- Longest Increasing Subsequence
- Palindrome Partitioning II
- Longest Common Subsequence
- Edit Distance
- Jump Game II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock II
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III
- Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock IV
- Distinct Subsequences
- Interleaving String
- Maximum Subarray
- Maximum Subarray II
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence
- Longest Increasing Continuous subsequence II
- Graph
- Find the Connected Component in the Undirected Graph
- Route Between Two Nodes in Graph
- Topological Sorting
- Word Ladder
- Bipartial Graph Part I
- Data Structure
- Implement Queue by Two Stacks
- Min Stack
- Sliding Window Maximum
- Longest Words
- Heapify
- Problem Misc
- Nuts and Bolts Problem
- String to Integer
- Insert Interval
- Merge Intervals
- Minimum Subarray
- Matrix Zigzag Traversal
- Valid Sudoku
- Add Binary
- Reverse Integer
- Gray Code
- Find the Missing Number
- Minimum Window Substring
- Continuous Subarray Sum
- Continuous Subarray Sum II
- Longest Consecutive Sequence
- Part III - Contest
- Google APAC
- APAC 2015 Round B
- Problem A. Password Attacker
- Microsoft
- Microsoft 2015 April
- Problem A. Magic Box
- Problem B. Professor Q's Software
- Problem C. Islands Travel
- Problem D. Recruitment
- Microsoft 2015 April 2
- Problem A. Lucky Substrings
- Problem B. Numeric Keypad
- Problem C. Spring Outing
- Microsoft 2015 September 2
- Problem A. Farthest Point
- Appendix I Interview and Resume
- Interview
- Resume