拖拽与缩放 · Android Training官方培训课程中文版

> 编写:[Andrwyw](https://github.com/Andrwyw) - 原文:[http://developer.android.com/training/gestures/scale.html](http://developer.android.com/training/gestures/scale.html) 本节课程讲述，使用[onTouchEvent()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/View.html#onTouchEvent(android.view.MotionEvent))截获触摸事件后，如何使用触摸手势拖拽、缩放屏幕上的对象。 ### 拖拽一个对象 > 如果你的目标版本为3.0或以上，你可以使用[View.OnDragListener](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/View.OnDragListener.html)监听内置的drag-and-drop事件，[拖拽与释放](http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/drag-drop.html)中有更多相关描述。对于触摸手势来说，一个很常见的操作是在屏幕上拖拽一个对象。接下来的代码段让用户可以拖拽屏幕上的图片。需要注意以下几点： - 拖拽操作时，即使有额外的手指放置到屏幕上了，app也必须保持对最初的点（手指）的追踪。比如，想象在拖拽图片时，用户放置了第二根手指在屏幕上，并且抬起了第一根手指。如果你的app只是单独地追踪每个点，它会把第二个点当做默认的点，并且把图片移到该点的位置。 - 为了防止这种情况发生，你的app需要区分初始点以及随后的任意的触摸点。要做到这一点，它需要追踪[**处理多触摸手势**](#)中提到过的[ACTION_POINTER_DOWN](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#ACTION_POINTER_DOWN)、 [ACTION_POINTER_UP](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#ACTION_POINTER_UP)事件。每当第二根手指按下或拿起时，[ACTION_POINTER_DOWN](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#ACTION_POINTER_DOWN)、 [ACTION_POINTER_UP](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#ACTION_POINTER_UP)事件就会传递给`onTouchEvent()`回调函数。 - 当[ACTION_POINTER_UP](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#ACTION_POINTER_UP)事件发生时，示例程序会移除对该点的索引值的引用，确保操作中的点的ID(the active pointer ID)不会引用已经不在触摸屏上的触摸点。这种情况下，app会选择另一个触摸点来作为操作中(active)的点，并保存它当前的x、y值。由于在[ACTION_MOVE](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#ACTION_MOVE)事件时，这个保存的位置会被用来计算屏幕上的对象将要移动的距离，所以app会始终根据正确的触摸点来计算移动的距离。下面的代码段允许用户拖拽屏幕上的对象。它会记录操作中的点（active pointer）的初始位置，计算触摸点移动过的距离，再把对象移动到新的位置。如上所述，它也正确地处理了额外触摸点的可能。需要注意的是，代码段中使用了[getActionMasked()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#getActionMasked())函数。你应该始终使用这个函数（或者更好用[MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/view/MotionEventCompat.html#getActionMasked(android.view.MotionEvent))这个兼容版本）来获得[MotionEvent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html)对应的动作(action)。不像旧的[getAction()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html#getAction())函数，`getActionMasked()`就是设计用来处理多点触摸的。它会返回执行过的动作的掩码值，不包括该点的索引位。 ~~~ // The ‘active pointer’ is the one currently moving our object. private int mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID; @Override public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) { // Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events. mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev); final int action = MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked(ev); switch (action) { case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN: { final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev); final float x = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex); final float y = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex); // Remember where we started (for dragging) mLastTouchX = x; mLastTouchY = y; // Save the ID of this pointer (for dragging) mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, 0); break; } case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE: { // Find the index of the active pointer and fetch its position final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.findPointerIndex(ev, mActivePointerId); final float x = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex); final float y = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex); // Calculate the distance moved final float dx = x - mLastTouchX; final float dy = y - mLastTouchY; mPosX += dx; mPosY += dy; invalidate(); // Remember this touch position for the next move event mLastTouchX = x; mLastTouchY = y; break; } case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP: { mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID; break; } case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL: { mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID; break; } case MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_UP: { final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev); final int pointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, pointerIndex); if (pointerId == mActivePointerId) { // This was our active pointer going up. Choose a new // active pointer and adjust accordingly. final int newPointerIndex = pointerIndex == 0 ? 1 : 0; mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, newPointerIndex); mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, newPointerIndex); mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, newPointerIndex); } break; } } return true; } ~~~ ### 通过拖拽平移前一节展示了一个，在屏幕上拖拽对象的例子。另一个常见的场景是平移（panning），是指用户通过拖拽移动引起x、y轴方向发生滚动(scrolling)。上面的代码段直接截获了[MotionEvent](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/MotionEvent.html)动作来实现拖拽。这一部分的代码段，利用了平台对常用手势的内置支持。它重写了[GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener.html)的[onScroll()](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/GestureDetector.OnGestureListener.html#onScroll(android.view.MotionEvent, android.view.MotionEvent, float, float))函数。更详细地说，当用户拖拽手指来平移内容时，`onScroll()`函数就会被调用。`onScroll()`函数只会在手指按下的情况下被调用，一旦手指离开屏幕了，要么手势终止，要么快速滑动(fling)手势开始（如果手指在离开屏幕前快速移动了一段距离）。关于滚动与快速滑动的更多讨论，可以查看[Scroll手势动画](#)章节。这里是`onScroll()`的相关代码段： ~~~ // The current viewport. This rectangle represents the currently visible // chart domain and range. private RectF mCurrentViewport = new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX); // The current destination rectangle (in pixel coordinates) into which the // chart data should be drawn. private Rect mContentRect; private final GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener mGestureListener = new GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() { ... @Override public boolean onScroll(MotionEvent e1, MotionEvent e2, float distanceX, float distanceY) { // Scrolling uses math based on the viewport (as opposed to math using pixels). // Pixel offset is the offset in screen pixels, while viewport offset is the // offset within the current viewport. float viewportOffsetX = distanceX * mCurrentViewport.width() / mContentRect.width(); float viewportOffsetY = -distanceY * mCurrentViewport.height() / mContentRect.height(); ... // Updates the viewport, refreshes the display. setViewportBottomLeft( mCurrentViewport.left + viewportOffsetX, mCurrentViewport.bottom + viewportOffsetY); ... return true; } ~~~ `onScroll()`函数中滑动视窗(viewport)来响应触摸手势的实现： ~~~ /** * Sets the current viewport (defined by mCurrentViewport) to the given * X and Y positions. Note that the Y value represents the topmost pixel position, * and thus the bottom of the mCurrentViewport rectangle. */ private void setViewportBottomLeft(float x, float y) { /* * Constrains within the scroll range. The scroll range is simply the viewport * extremes (AXIS_X_MAX, etc.) minus the viewport size. For example, if the * extremes were 0 and 10, and the viewport size was 2, the scroll range would * be 0 to 8. */ float curWidth = mCurrentViewport.width(); float curHeight = mCurrentViewport.height(); x = Math.max(AXIS_X_MIN, Math.min(x, AXIS_X_MAX - curWidth)); y = Math.max(AXIS_Y_MIN + curHeight, Math.min(y, AXIS_Y_MAX)); mCurrentViewport.set(x, y - curHeight, x + curWidth, y); // Invalidates the View to update the display. ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this); } ~~~ ### 使用触摸手势进行缩放如同[检测常用手势](#)章节中提到的，[GestureDetector](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/GestureDetector.html)可以帮助你检测Android中的常见手势，例如滚动，快速滚动以及长按。对于缩放，Android也提供了[ScaleGestureDetector](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.html)类。当你想让view能识别额外的手势时，你可以同时使用[GestureDetector](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/GestureDetector.html)和[ScaleGestureDetector](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.html)类。为了报告检测到的手势事件，手势检测需要一个作为构造函数参数的listener对象。[ScaleGestureDetector](#)使用[ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener.html)。Android提供了[ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener.html)类作为帮助类，如果你不是关注所有的手势事件，你可以继承(extend)它。 ### 基本的缩放示例下面的代码段展示了缩放功能中的基本部分。 ~~~ private ScaleGestureDetector mScaleDetector; private float mScaleFactor = 1.f; public MyCustomView(Context mContext){ ... // View code goes here ... mScaleDetector = new ScaleGestureDetector(context, new ScaleListener()); } @Override public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) { // Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events. mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev); return true; } @Override public void onDraw(Canvas canvas) { super.onDraw(canvas); canvas.save(); canvas.scale(mScaleFactor, mScaleFactor); ... // onDraw() code goes here ... canvas.restore(); } private class ScaleListener extends ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener { @Override public boolean onScale(ScaleGestureDetector detector) { mScaleFactor *= detector.getScaleFactor(); // Don't let the object get too small or too large. mScaleFactor = Math.max(0.1f, Math.min(mScaleFactor, 5.0f)); invalidate(); return true; } } ~~~ ### 更加复杂的缩放示例这是本章节提供的`InteractiveChart`样例中一个更复杂的示范。通过使用[ScaleGestureDetector](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.html)中的"span"([getCurrentSpanX/Y](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.html#getCurrentSpanX()))和"focus"([getFocusX/Y](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/ScaleGestureDetector.html#getFocusX()))功能，`InteractiveChart`样例同时支持滚动（平移）以及多指缩放。 ~~~ @Override private RectF mCurrentViewport = new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX); private Rect mContentRect; private ScaleGestureDetector mScaleGestureDetector; ... public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) { boolean retVal = mScaleGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event); retVal = mGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event) || retVal; return retVal || super.onTouchEvent(event); } /** * The scale listener, used for handling multi-finger scale gestures. */ private final ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener mScaleGestureListener = new ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() { /** * This is the active focal point in terms of the viewport. Could be a local * variable but kept here to minimize per-frame allocations. */ private PointF viewportFocus = new PointF(); private float lastSpanX; private float lastSpanY; // Detects that new pointers are going down. @Override public boolean onScaleBegin(ScaleGestureDetector scaleGestureDetector) { lastSpanX = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat. getCurrentSpanX(scaleGestureDetector); lastSpanY = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat. getCurrentSpanY(scaleGestureDetector); return true; } @Override public boolean onScale(ScaleGestureDetector scaleGestureDetector) { float spanX = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat. getCurrentSpanX(scaleGestureDetector); float spanY = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat. getCurrentSpanY(scaleGestureDetector); float newWidth = lastSpanX / spanX * mCurrentViewport.width(); float newHeight = lastSpanY / spanY * mCurrentViewport.height(); float focusX = scaleGestureDetector.getFocusX(); float focusY = scaleGestureDetector.getFocusY(); // Makes sure that the chart point is within the chart region. // See the sample for the implementation of hitTest(). hitTest(scaleGestureDetector.getFocusX(), scaleGestureDetector.getFocusY(), viewportFocus); mCurrentViewport.set( viewportFocus.x - newWidth * (focusX - mContentRect.left) / mContentRect.width(), viewportFocus.y - newHeight * (mContentRect.bottom - focusY) / mContentRect.height(), 0, 0); mCurrentViewport.right = mCurrentViewport.left + newWidth; mCurrentViewport.bottom = mCurrentViewport.top + newHeight; ... // Invalidates the View to update the display. ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(InteractiveLineGraphView.this); lastSpanX = spanX; lastSpanY = spanY; return true; } }; ~~~